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A semiconductor is a value conductor with an electrical conductivity in between, such as copper, and an insulator, such as glass. Its resistivity decreases with increasing temperature. Metals do the opposite. It is guided by the introduction of impurities (” additives “) into the crystal structure. A semiconductor junction is created when two different doped regions are present in the same crystal. The behavior of charge carriers, which include electrons, ions, and electron holes, at these connections are diodes, transistors, and also modern electronics. Some examples of semiconductors are silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, and elements near the so-called “nonmetallic staircase” on the periodic table. Gallium arsenide is the second most common semiconductor after silicon and is used in laser diodes, microwave frequency integrated circuits in solar cells, and others. Silicon is a key element in the manufacture of most electronic circuits.
Semiconductor devices can display a range of different useful properties, such as passing current more easily in one direction than another, displaying variable resistance, and being sensitive to light or heat. Because the electrical properties of semiconductor materials can be changed by doping and applying an electric field or light, devices made from semiconductors can be used for amplification, switching, and energy conversion.
Common semiconductor materials are crystalline solids, but amorphous and liquid semiconductors are also known. These include hydrogenated amorphous silicon as well as mixtures of the following substances arsenic, selenium, and tellurium in various proportions. These compounds, like well known semiconductors, have moderate conductivity and a characteristic negative resistance of conductivity that changes rapidly with temperature. This disordered material lacks the rigid crystal structure of traditional semiconductors such as silicon. They are commonly used in structures where thin films do not require high electron mass and are relatively insensitive to impurities and radiation damage.
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